DNA
What is DNA?
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material that makes up humans and almost all other organisms. It is stored and is made up of a code. This code includes 4 chemical bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G). The order or sequence of these bases determine how to build and maintain an organism. These bases pair up with each other (A pairs with T and C pairs with G) to form a base pair. They then pair up with a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule to form a nucleotide. These nucleotides are then arranged in two long stands that are called a double helix. The shape that it takes up represents somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the "rungs" of the ladder and the sugar and phosphate molecules form the sidepieces of the ladder. DNA has the ability to replicate itself which is critical for cell division.
Follow the link to find out more: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material that makes up humans and almost all other organisms. It is stored and is made up of a code. This code includes 4 chemical bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G). The order or sequence of these bases determine how to build and maintain an organism. These bases pair up with each other (A pairs with T and C pairs with G) to form a base pair. They then pair up with a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule to form a nucleotide. These nucleotides are then arranged in two long stands that are called a double helix. The shape that it takes up represents somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the "rungs" of the ladder and the sugar and phosphate molecules form the sidepieces of the ladder. DNA has the ability to replicate itself which is critical for cell division.
Follow the link to find out more: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
Replication of DNA
To ensure that the formation of new DNA molecules are identical, the inherited information passed on must be unchanged when a cell reproduces. The DNA undergoes replication. The two chains of the DNA molecule (double helix) separate and each separated bit contains half of the original information. Nucleotides then form the new half with the original strands. As adenine can only pair with thymine and guanine with cytosine, the process results in two identical DNA molecules.
To ensure that the formation of new DNA molecules are identical, the inherited information passed on must be unchanged when a cell reproduces. The DNA undergoes replication. The two chains of the DNA molecule (double helix) separate and each separated bit contains half of the original information. Nucleotides then form the new half with the original strands. As adenine can only pair with thymine and guanine with cytosine, the process results in two identical DNA molecules.
Protein Synthesis
Synthesis of proteins is important in cell metabolism. proteins make up much of the structure material of cells. Types of proteins that are made are determined by genes, which is part of DNA. The order in which the four bases are arranged makes up a genetic code. Each sequence being the code particular to an amino acid. These amino acids are assembled at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and therefore must be transferred from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes. This is done via RNA (ribonucleic acid) which carries the message. RNA is only one strand of sugars, phosphates and bases and carries the base Uracil instead of Thymine. To send the message to the ribosome a part of the DNA molecule breaks apart and binds with a segment of RNA, the messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then passes out of the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome. The amino acids are then joined in sequence determined by the mRNA. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is another form of RNA and what it does is bring amino acids to ribosomes to be linked into proteins.
This link is an interactive website explaining protein synthesis: http://www.biomanbio.com/GamesandLabs/LifeChemgames/Protsynth.html
Synthesis of proteins is important in cell metabolism. proteins make up much of the structure material of cells. Types of proteins that are made are determined by genes, which is part of DNA. The order in which the four bases are arranged makes up a genetic code. Each sequence being the code particular to an amino acid. These amino acids are assembled at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and therefore must be transferred from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes. This is done via RNA (ribonucleic acid) which carries the message. RNA is only one strand of sugars, phosphates and bases and carries the base Uracil instead of Thymine. To send the message to the ribosome a part of the DNA molecule breaks apart and binds with a segment of RNA, the messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then passes out of the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome. The amino acids are then joined in sequence determined by the mRNA. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is another form of RNA and what it does is bring amino acids to ribosomes to be linked into proteins.
This link is an interactive website explaining protein synthesis: http://www.biomanbio.com/GamesandLabs/LifeChemgames/Protsynth.html
Mitochondrial DNA
The mitochondria is an organelle that converts energy from food so that a cell, and therefore our body, can function properly. Although most DNA is placed in chromosomes, the mitochondria has a small amount of its own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. mtDNA contains about 37 genes, all of which are needed for mitochondrial function. Some of these genes contain instructions on how to provide ATP for the body and also gives instructions on how to make the molecules tRNA and rRNA.
follow this link to find out more: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna
The mitochondria is an organelle that converts energy from food so that a cell, and therefore our body, can function properly. Although most DNA is placed in chromosomes, the mitochondria has a small amount of its own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. mtDNA contains about 37 genes, all of which are needed for mitochondrial function. Some of these genes contain instructions on how to provide ATP for the body and also gives instructions on how to make the molecules tRNA and rRNA.
follow this link to find out more: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna
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Genetics Home Refrence. (n.d.). Mitochondrial DNA. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna
HD, B. /. (n.d.). Meiosis: Crossing Over and Variability [3D Animation] . Retrieved October 9, 2014, from YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqPMp0U0HOA
Institution, M. (n.d.). DNA Replication Animation - Super EASY . Retrieved October 9, 2014, from YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKubyIRiN84
Kirk, J. (n.d.). DNA- Replication. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from Virtual Chembook: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/582dnarep.html
Meiosis. (n.d.). Retrieved October 9, 2014, from Meiosis: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Meiosis.html
NASA Ames Research Center. (n.d.). Nucleobases and Their Production during the Photolysis of Astrophysically-relevant Ices. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from The Astrophysica and Astrochemistry Lab: http://www.astrochem.org/sci/Nucleobases.php
Science. (n.d.). Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis . Retrieved October 9, 2014, from Science: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter11/random_orientation_of_chromosomes_during_meiosis.html
Stated Clearly. (n.d.). What is DNA? Retrieved October 6, 2014, from YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
T J Newton, A. P. (2000 ). Human Perspectives 2A/2B. Sydney.
unknown. (n.d.). protein synthesis race. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from bioman biology: http://www.biomanbio.com/GamesandLabs/LifeChemgames/Protsynth.html
UC Davis Chemwiki. (n.d.). Protein Synthesis. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from Chemwiki: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Proteins/Protein_Synthesis